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NEW QUESTION # 18
What is the impact of high group cohesiveness and well-defined performance norms on the productivity of a team?

• A. The productivity of the team will remain as is
• B. The productivity of the team will improve significantly
• C. The productivity of the team will remain low
• D. The productivity of the team will improve slightly

Answer: B

Explanation:
The interaction between cohesiveness and performance norms is a critical concept in Organizational Behavior. As shown in the research regarding group dynamics,the productivity of the team will improve significantlywhen both cohesiveness and performance norms are high. Cohesiveness provides the social
"glue" that keeps the team together, while performance norms provide the "direction" by establishing clear expectations for effort, output, and quality.
When these two factors coincide, the group becomes a powerful force; members motivate one another to meet the high standards they have collectively accepted. This is the "ideal" state for any work team. If cohesiveness is high but performance norms are low, the group is unified but unproductive. If cohesiveness is low but norms are high, productivity improves only slightly because members lack the social bond to sustain high- level collaboration. Therefore, the combination of a strong bond and high standards yields the most significant productivity gains.

NEW QUESTION # 19
What is a purpose of employee evaluations?

• A. To measure the psychological symptoms of organizational dysfunctionality
• B. To assist management in making human resource decisions
• C. To educate employees on the personalities of supervisors and help them adjust to management styles
• D. To serve as a screening device for hiring new employees

Answer: B

Explanation:
Performance evaluations serve several vital functions within an organization's management system. The primary purpose isto assist management in making human resource decisions. These decisions include identifying who should receive promotions, who is eligible for salary increases, and who might need to be transferred or even terminated.
Beyond administrative decisions, evaluations provide essential feedback to employees about how the organization views their performance. This feedback acts as a basis for personal development and career planning. Furthermore, evaluations help identify training and development needs by pinpointing specific skill deficiencies that an employee may have. They also provide a criterion against which the organization can validate its selection and development programs; for instance, if employees who scored high on a hiring test perform poorly on their evaluations, the hiring process may need to be adjusted. Therefore, rather than being a psychological diagnostic tool (Option B) or a pre-hiring screen (Option C), the performance evaluation is a retrospective and developmental tool used to manage the existing workforce effectively.

NEW QUESTION # 20
Which conflict-resolution techniques might a manager use to control the level of conflict that has become dysfunctional?

• A. Confrontation and smoothing
• B. Compromise and superordinate goals
• C. Smoothing and confrontation
• D. Satisfying goals and smoothing

Answer: B

Explanation:
Conflict within an organization can be functional (supporting goals) or dysfunctional (hindering performance). When conflict becomes dysfunctional, managers must use conflict-resolution techniques to bring it back to a manageable or productive level. Two such techniques areCompromiseandSuperordinate goals.
Compromiseinvolves each party giving up something of value to reach a solution where no one is a clear winner or loser. It is often used when goals are important but not worth the potential disruption of more assertive methods.Superordinate goalsinvolve creating a shared goal that cannot be attained without the cooperation of each of the conflicting parties. By focusing on a higher-level objective, the competing groups or individuals are forced to set aside their differences to achieve a common success. Other techniques include problem-solving (face-to-face meetings), smoothing (playing down differences), and avoidance. Choosing the right technique depends on the nature of the conflict and the desired long-term relationship between the parties. In many organizational settings, shifting the focus to superordinate goals is particularly effective because it aligns individual interests with organizational outcomes.

NEW QUESTION # 21
A manager treats an employee with a free lunch to encourage the employee to continue to do well. Which kind of reward is provided?

• A. Personality reward
• B. Intrinsic reward
• C. Extrinsic reward
• D. Compensatory reward

Answer: C

Explanation:
Motivation in the workplace is often driven by a system of rewards, which are generally categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic types.Intrinsic rewardsare internal to the individual and come from the work itself; examples include a sense of accomplishment, personal growth, or the satisfaction of completing a difficult task. These are self-granted rewards.
Extrinsic rewards, conversely, are tangible rewards given by another person (usually a manager or the organization) to an employee for performing a specific task or behavior. These include salary increases, bonuses, promotions, benefits, and even smaller tokens like a free lunch. In this scenario, the free lunch is a physical, external incentive provided by the manager to reinforce the employee's positive performance. While intrinsic rewards are essential for long-term engagement and "meaningful" work, extrinsic rewards like a free meal are effective for immediate reinforcement and recognizing specific achievements. According to reinforcement theory, providing such a reward immediately following a desired behavior (doing well at work) increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated. Because the lunch is an external, tangible benefit provided by the manager rather than an internal feeling of satisfaction derived from the task itself, it is classified as an extrinsic reward.

NEW QUESTION # 22
Which option defines organizational culture?

• A. A method of stratifying the organization's target market
• B. A human resources department program for recognizing diversity
• C. A system of unique physical parameters that describes the organization
• D. A unique system of shared organizational meaning

Answer: D

Explanation:
Organizational culture is defined as aunique system of shared meaningheld by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations. This system of shared meaning is a set of key characteristics that the organization values. It represents the "common perception" held by the organization's members; even though individuals may have different backgrounds or occupy different levels in the hierarchy, they tend to describe the organization's culture in similar terms.
Culture is the social glue that helps hold the organization together by providing appropriate standards for what employees should say and do. It acts as a boundary-defining element, creates a sense of identity for employees, facilitates commitment to something larger than individual self-interest, and enhances the stability of the social system. While physical parameters (Option A) or HR programs (Option B) may reflect or support the culture, the culture itself is the underlying shared cognitive framework-the "way we do things around here"-that guides employee behavior and shapes their organizational experience.

NEW QUESTION # 23
Which method should be used to maximize team member participation in a global meeting?

• A. A Delphi-like sequence of notes via carrier mail to encourage dialog between members
• B. Online using computer technologies and/or phone communication
• C. Alpha-direct technologies to maintain communication links
• D. Unilateral electronic messaging to facilitate communication

Answer: B

Explanation:
In the context of global operations, teams are often physically dispersed across different time zones and geographic locations. To maximize participation, organizations rely onvirtual teamtechnologies. Usingonline computer technologies and/or phone communication(such as video conferencing, instant messaging, and collaborative platforms) allows for real-time or near-real-time interaction that bridges the physical distance.
These technologies enable members to share ideas, provide immediate feedback, and engage in the "give-and- take" necessary for effective decision-making.
While unilateral messaging (Option C) or physical mail (Option D) might transmit information, they lack the interactive richness required to sustain high levels of participation and engagement. Effective global leadership involves selecting the communication channel that best balances the need for speed with the need for social presence. By utilizing synchronous online tools, global teams can simulate the "face-to-face" experience, which helps in building the rapport and trust that are often difficult to establish in a virtual environment. This approach ensures that all members, regardless of their location, have an equal platform to contribute to the team's objectives.

NEW QUESTION # 24
In organizing a team to develop a new product for entry into the electronics market, management wanted to assign team members having characteristics common to effective teams. Which list specifies common characteristics of effective teams?

• A. A climate of trust, members who score low on the personality characteristic of extroversion, and effective leadership
• B. A climate of trust, members who fill role demands, and an absence of conflict
• C. Effective leadership, members who score low on the personality characteristic of extroversion, and members who fill role demands
• D. Members who are emotionally stable, members who fill role demands, and a manageable level of conflict

Answer: D

Explanation:
The effectiveness of a team is generally categorized by its composition, context, and process. According to the Big Five Personality Model and team research, effective teams are typically composed of individuals who score high onemotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. These traits help maintain a positive working environment and reduce interpersonal friction. Furthermore, teams must ensure that they have people to fill variousrole demands-meaning that all necessary tasks and social-maintenance functions are being performed by someone within the group.
Crucially, effective teams do not necessarily have an "absence of conflict" (which refutes option C). Instead, they maintain amanageable level of conflict. Specifically, "task conflict"-disagreements over the content of the work-can actually stimulate discussion and lead to better decisions, provided that "relationship conflict" (interpersonal animosity) remains low. Therefore, a team that is emotionally stable, fulfills its role requirements, and handles conflict constructively is much more likely to succeed in a high-pressure environment like the electronics market than one that simply tries to avoid all disagreement.

NEW QUESTION # 25
Which team type takes on many responsibilities of their former supervisors?

• A. Self-managed work team
• B. Problem-solving team
• C. Virtual team
• D. Cross-functional team

Answer: A

Explanation:
ASelf-managed work teamis a group of employees (typically 10 to 15) who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of their former supervisors. In a traditional work structure, a supervisor would handle tasks such as planning and scheduling work, assigning tasks to members, making operating decisions, and taking action on problems. In a self-managed environment, the team collectively takes over these managerial duties.
These teams may even select their own members and evaluate each other's performance. The goal of organizing into self-managed teams is to increase employee involvement and empowerment, theoretically leading to higher job satisfaction and productivity through synergy and collective control. Unlike "problem- solving teams," which only make recommendations, self-managed teams have the authority to implement solutions and take full responsibility for outcomes. While this can be highly effective, the success of self- managed teams depends heavily on the organizational culture and the level of training provided to employees.
If members are not prepared for the interpersonal demands of self-management-such as resolving internal conflicts or managing the pace of work-the team can struggle. However, when properly implemented, self- managed teams represent the highest level of team autonomy in organizational design.

NEW QUESTION # 26
Management has noticed that the accounting work group is having difficulty because group members seem to be working in different directions. Which suggested action can the company take to increase group cohesiveness?

• A. Give individual rewards rather than group rewards
• B. Give group rewards rather than individual rewards
• C. Have the group avoid competition with other groups
• D. Establish more rigid role definition for group members

Answer: B

Explanation:
Group cohesiveness refers to the degree to which members are attracted to one another and are motivated to remain part of the group. When members are "working in different directions," it indicates a lack of alignment and shared purpose. One of the most effective structural methods to foster unity is togive group rewards rather than individual rewards. When rewards are tied to the collective output of the team, members are incentivized to collaborate, share information, and support one another to ensure the entire group succeeds.
Individual rewards often foster internal competition, which can further fragment a group that is already struggling with alignment.
In addition to group-based rewards, other strategies to increase cohesiveness include making the group smaller, increasing the time members spend together, and stimulating competition withothergroups (rather than avoiding it). By shifting the focus from individual achievement to collective success, the organization encourages members to coordinate their efforts, thereby increasing the "we-feeling" necessary for high- performing teams.

NEW QUESTION # 27
What is a characteristic employed by transactional leaders?

• A. Provides vision and sense of mission
• B. Promotes intelligence and rationality
• C. Promises rewards for good performance
• D. Instills pride and gains trust

Answer: C

Explanation:
Organizational Behavior distinguishes between transformational andtransactional leaders. Transactional leaders guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements. They function primarily through a series of "transactions" or exchanges where the leader provides something the followers want in return for their performance.
One of the primary characteristics of transactional leadership iscontingent reward, which involvespromising rewards for good performanceand recognizing accomplishments. Other characteristics include management by exception (active or passive), where the leader intervenes only when standards are not met. Options A, B, and C describe transformational leaders, who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests for the good of the organization and are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers. While transformational leadership is often celebrated for driving innovation and change, transactional leadership remains essential for maintaining the day-to-day stability and efficiency of an organization by ensuring that employees are rewarded for meeting specific, tangible targets.

NEW QUESTION # 28
A team was assigned a project. Halfway through the project, however, it became obvious that the team was failing to meet expectations. Management had made sure that individuals assigned to the team had strong technical expertise as well as problem-solving and decision-making skills. However, other abilities for effective teamwork were overlooked. Which ability necessary for team members was overlooked?

• A. Intellectual coherence
• B. Propensity for social loafing
• C. Interpersonal skills
• D. Authoritarian personality

Answer: C

Explanation:
To perform effectively, a team requires three different types of skills. First, it needs people with technical expertise to perform the task at hand. Second, it needs people with problem-solving and decision-making skills to be able to identify problems, generate alternatives, and make competent choices. Finally, and perhaps most importantly for group cohesion, a team needs people with stronginterpersonal skills. Interpersonal skills include effective listening, feedback, and conflict resolution.
In the scenario provided, the team had the "hard" skills (technical and analytical) but lacked the "soft" skills required to navigate the social complexities of working as a unit. Without interpersonal skills, a team may have the smartest individuals but still fail because they cannot communicate effectively or resolve the inevitable friction that arises during a long-term project. While "propensity for social loafing" is a behavior to avoid, and "authoritarian personality" is often a hindrance, the foundational "ability" cited in organizational behavior literature as a prerequisite for team success alongside technical and problem-solving skills is interpersonal competence.

NEW QUESTION # 29
If a work group's goal is to share information, what is a work team's goal?

• A. To maximize random and varied skills
• B. To create collective performance
• C. To maximize individual inputs
• D. To reduce costs

Answer: B

Explanation:
In Organizational Behavior, a critical distinction is made between a "work group" and a "work team". A work group is a collection of individuals who interact primarily to share information and make decisions to help each member perform within his or her area of responsibility. In a work group, there is no particular need or opportunity for collective work that requires joint effort; therefore, their performance is merely the summation of each group member's individual contribution.
A work team, however, is a group whose individual efforts result in performance that is greater than the sum of those individual inputs. The fundamental goal of a work team iscollective performance. While work groups focus on individual accountability and sharing information to assist individual tasks, work teams focus on mutual accountability and synergy. This synergy allows the team to achieve a level of output that exceeds what the members could accomplish alone. For a team to be effective, it requires a mix of complementary skills-technical, problem-solving, and interpersonal-directed toward a common purpose and specific performance goals. Managers transition from groups to teams when the task at hand is complex enough that it requires the coordinated, collective effort of multiple people rather than just a series of independent tasks.
Therefore, the shift from "sharing information" (group) to "collective performance" (team) represents a significant increase in the interdependence of the members.

NEW QUESTION # 30
A company switched from assembly lines to self-managed work teams. What can team members do to improve the synergy and success of their teams?

• A. Change work group roles at random
• B. Assign individual roles rather than mutual team roles
• C. Exercise collective control over the pace of work
• D. Share information but not engage in collective performance goals

Answer: C

Explanation:
A self-managed work team is characterized by its high level of autonomy and collective responsibility. To improve synergy and success, these teams must move beyond simply sharing information (which is characteristic of a work group) and engage in collective actions. One of the primary hallmarks of a successful self-managed team is the ability toexercise collective control over the pace of work.
In a traditional assembly line, the pace is dictated by the machinery or a supervisor. In a self-managed team, members decide how to schedule work, assign tasks, and monitor their own progress. This collective control fosters a sense of ownership and accountability. Options A and C describe traditional "work group" behaviors rather than team behaviors; teams require mutual accountability rather than just individual roles. By controlling their own pace and methods, team members can synchronize their efforts more effectively, leading to the positive synergy where the team's output is greater than the sum of individual inputs.

NEW QUESTION # 31
An employee is motivated by economic success, well-being, world peace, and autonomy and self-reliance in the workplace. Which of the employee's motives is an instrumental value?

• A. Autonomy and self-reliance
• B. World peace
• C. Economic
• D. Prosperity

Answer: A

Explanation:
In Organizational Behavior, values are often classified using the Rokeach Value Survey, which distinguishes betweenTerminal ValuesandInstrumental Values. Terminal values represent the ultimate goals or "end- states" an individual hopes to achieve, such as prosperity (economic success), well-being, and world peace.
These are the destinations toward which a person works. In contrast, instrumental values are the "modes of conduct" or the means by which one achieves those terminal goals.
In this specific scenario, "autonomy and self-reliance" are categorized as instrumental values because they describe the behavioral methods an employee uses to navigate the workplace and eventually reach their terminal goals, such as economic success or personal well-being. For example, an employee might use autonomy (an instrumental value) as a tool to gain the efficiency required to achieve prosperity (a terminal value). Understanding this distinction is vital for managers because while terminal values tell us what the employee wants to achieve, instrumental values tell us how they prefer to behave in order to get there.
Autonomy and self-reliance are practical approaches to work life rather than the final life-goals themselves, thus fitting the definition of instrumental values perfectly.

NEW QUESTION # 32
What is true about the relationship between performance evaluation and motivation?

• A. The relationship is strongest when employees know that traits are the criteria used for the evaluations.
• B. Employees must have confidence that the effort they exert will lead to a favorable performance evaluation.
• C. The relationship is strong for employees but weak for managers.
• D. The relationship does not depend on the perceptual process.

Answer: B

Explanation:
The link between performance evaluation and motivation is best explained throughExpectancy Theory.
According to this theory, an individual's motivation to exert effort depends on three relationships: Effort- Performance, Performance-Reward, and Rewards-Personal Goals. For an employee to be motivated, they must have confidence that the effort they exert will lead to a favorable performance evaluation(the Effort-Performance relationship).
Image of Vroom's Expectancy Theory

If an employee believes that no matter how hard they work, the evaluation process is biased, based on luck, or uses unclear criteria (like personality traits rather than measurable behaviors), their motivation will suffer.
Furthermore, the employee must believe that a good evaluation will lead to organizational rewards (such as a bonus or promotion) and that those rewards will satisfy their personal goals. If any of these links are weak- for instance, if the evaluation process is perceived as unfair-the entire motivational chain is broken.
Therefore, the perceptual process is central to this relationship; it is not the objective reality of the evaluation that motivates, but the employee's perception of its fairness and accuracy.

NEW QUESTION # 33
Although team performance has been fairly good, members feel that more could be done to improve their effectiveness. They feel that some team members could be more collaborative. Which type of reward system could be used effectively in this situation?

• A. A system that emphasizes group rewards for maximizing productivity
• B. A system that emphasizes individual rewards for aggressive competitiveness
• C. A system that emphasizes rewards for individual contributions as well as for selfless contributions
• D. A system that emphasizes group rewards based on aggressive competitiveness

Answer: C

Explanation:
Designing an effective reward system for teams requires a delicate balance between individual and collective incentives. If the reward system focuses solely on individual achievement, it can foster internal competition and discourage the very collaboration the team is lacking. Conversely, if it focuses only on the group, "social loafing" may occur where some members coast on the efforts of others.
To improve effectiveness and collaboration, the organization should implementa system that emphasizes rewards for individual contributions as well as for selfless contributions. This means that while members are recognized for their technical proficiency, they are also evaluated and rewarded for being "good team players"-sharing information, helping colleagues, and resolving conflicts. Rewarding "selfless contributions" directly addresses the concern that members need to be more collaborative. This dual-focus approach ensures that individuals are motivated to perform their specific tasks at a high level while simultaneously being incentivized to support the team's overall synergy.

NEW QUESTION # 34
What defines acceptable standards of behavior that are shared by group members?

• A. Group norms
• B. Group status
• C. Group roles
• D. Group conformity

Answer: A

Explanation:
All groups have establishedNorms, which are defined as acceptable standards of behavior shared by the group's members that tell them what they ought and ought not to do under certain circumstances. Norms are powerful because they act as a means of influencing the behavior of group members with a minimum of external controls. Common organizational norms include performance norms (how hard to work), appearance norms (dress codes), and social arrangement norms (whom to eat lunch with).
Norms are distinct fromGroup Roles, which are specific behaviors expected of a person in a specific position.
While roles might differ from member to member (e.g., a leader vs. a scribe), norms are generally shared by the entire collective.Group Statusrefers to a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others, andConformityis the act of adjusting one's behavior to align with the norms of the group.
Therefore, the "standards of behavior" themselves are the norms. When an individual violates these shared standards, they often face social pressure or sanctions from the group, which reinforces the importance of norms in maintaining group stability and predictability.

NEW QUESTION # 35
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